Muted Terrorism When a state becomes a terrorist: functionary and vigilante terrorism and its consequences
Being considerably familiarized with the typology of terrorism that targets a state, this research paper delves into terrorism on behalf of the state (functionary terrorism). In particular, the focus point is on democratic states which face the issue of terrorism and resort to vigilante terrorists. By examining three distinct case studies - the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), the Ulster Volunteer Force of Northern Ireland (UVF), and the Anti Terrorist Liberation Groups of Spain (GAL) - the paper identifies the factors that drive democratic states towards this contentious practice and scrutinizes its ethical and legal implications. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study conducts a systematic literature review and thematically organizes data to effectively present, analyze, and evaluate vigilante terrorism. The incisive findings highlight the negative consequences of vigilante terrorism, such as human rights violations, escalation of violence, and the undermining of the rule of law. Robust counterterrorism strategies that prioritize ethical considerations, respect human rights, and uphold transparency and accountability are proposed. Ultimately, the paper underscores the exigency for democratic states to eschew vigilante terrorism, as its inherent ethical compromises and retaliatory cycle contradict the cornerstone values of democracy.