Realism vs. Liberalism: The Role of Human Rights in Contemporary Conflicts

Abstract

One of the most intriguing debates in contemporary International Relations is the ideological struggle between Realism and Liberalism. Both theories offer appealing frameworks for understanding the behaviour of states and other international actors within the global system. At the same time, the protection of fundamental human rights has emerged as an issue of paramount significance during the recent decades, particularly in periods of conflict or heightened tensions. The intersection of these two topics is inevitable, as human rights discourse exists within both theories, albeit located in a completely different context. This research explores how human rights are conceptualized and applied within the frameworks of Realism and Liberalism, providing insight into their theoretical and practical relevance.

By examining the human rights situations in two critical case studies—Ukraine and Gaza—this study investigates how these principles are implemented on the ground. It further evaluates which of the two dominant IR theories more effectively interprets the realities of these conflicts. The findings from these case studies are analysed against the theoretical foundations presented in the initial chapters, offering a robust, field-based application of theory. This approach not only highlights the contrasting perspectives of Realism and Liberalism on human rights but also reveals their limitations and contributions in navigating some of the world’s most pressing contemporary crises.